Structure in Foam. Changes in foam structure, component mass ratios, and treatment conditions can be made with directional modifications and classified as rigid, elastic, and integral forms. Foams provide a blueprint for physical modeling of dynamical multiscale systems with complex structure.

…….On Growth and Form is a book by mathematical biologist D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson. It covers topics including the effects of scale on the shape of animals and plants; the effects of surface tension in shaping soap films and similar structures such as cells; the logarithmic spiral as seen in mollusc shells and ruminant horns…..The work pioneered the use of mathematics in biology, and helped to defeat mystical ideas of vitalism; Thompson believed Darwinism to be an inadequate explanation for the origin of new species: he did not reject natural selection, but regarded it as secondary to physical influences on biological form……..

……..On the Origin of Species (On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin that is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. The book presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution……..