…………shape grammars———A shape grammar consists of shape rules and a generation engine that selects and processes rules. A shape rule defines how an existing (part of a) shape can be transformed. A shape grammar minimally consists of three shape rules: a start rule, at least one transformation rule, and a termination rule. The start rule is necessary to start the shape generation process. The termination rule is necessary to make the shape generation process stop…………
——————-1 - the word 'type' represents not so much the image of a thing to be copied or perfectly imitated as the idea of an element that must itself serve as a rule for the model————————2 - RULE MODELS offer more flexibility than tree models: for instance, while decision tree branches are mutually exclusive, the potential overlap of rules may give additional information. This flexibility comes at a price, however: while it is very tempting to view a rule as a single, independent piece of information, this is often not adequate because of the way the rules are learned. Particularly in supervised learning, a rule model is more than just a set of rules: the specification of how the rules are to be combined to form predictions is a crucial part of the model.
Structure in Foam. Changes in foam structure, component mass ratios, and treatment conditions can be made with directional modifications and classified as rigid, elastic, and integral forms. Foams provide a blueprint for physical modeling of dynamical multiscale systems with complex structure.
The image depicts a simulation of bubble growth during a foaming process and the mechanics of solid foam, using finite element analysis. The sequence (a), (b), and (c) illustrates the evolution of the microstructure from gas bubble creation in a liquid state to solidification into a cellular morphology. In (c) the blue areas may represent stress concentrations or areas of higher density within the foam structure. The simulation aids in understanding how the microstructure influences the material properties of the foam.
……..On the Origin of Species (On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin that is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. The book presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution……..
…….On Growth and Form is a book by mathematical biologist D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson. It covers topics including the effects of scale on the shape of animals and plants; the effects of surface tension in shaping soap films and similar structures such as cells; the logarithmic spiral as seen in mollusc shells and ruminant horns…..The work pioneered the use of mathematics in biology, and helped to defeat mystical ideas of vitalism; Thompson believed Darwinism to be an inadequate explanation for the origin of new species: he did not reject natural selection, but regarded it as secondary to physical influences on biological form……..
…………Charles Dawin, encontró en los picos de las distintas especies de pinzones que habitan las islas Galápagos una de las pruebas de la selección natural……..En el caso de los distintos tipos de pinzones, Darwin explica cómo cada especie de ave es el resultado de la selección natural en función de los diferentes ambientes que existen en cada isla. Resulta muy interesante observar que el ambiente al que se adapta cada especie está constituido no sólo por las condiciones físicas, sino, sobre todo, por el resto de especies que habitan un territorio. Con ello se pone de manifiesto la interdependencia que exsite entre todos los seres vivos…….
………Los pinzones de Darwin son un ejemplo de una rápida especiación por aislamiento geográfico a partir de pinzones de América continental cuyos descendientes ocuparon diferentes nichos ecológicos en diversas Islas de Los Galápagos. La forma de los picos de cada especie refleja distintos hábitos alimenticios y reduce la competencia entre ellas……….
……..El término «pinzón de Darwin» aparece por primera vez en 1936 y después es popularizado rápidamente con los trabajos de David Lack que los estudia por primera vez con detalle. Posteriormente, desde 1973, Peter Grant y Rosemary Grant, profesores de ecología y biología evolutiva de la Universidad de Princeton, en Estados Unidos, realizaron estudios exhaustivos y detallados: analizando más de diecinueve mil ejemplares, de veinticinco generaciones, estos estudios han mostrado cómo las diferentes especies de pinzones habían ido cambiando en respuesta a los cambios ambientales, sugiriendo que para que estos cambios ocurran no se requieren períodos de tiempo tan extensos………..
EL ORDEN FRAGIL DE LA ARQUITECTURA. ………De una manera pareja podríamos decir que la voluntad de orden en la arquitectura se basa en lo relacional, incorpora al sujeto en el centro de sus reflexiones y surge de las múltiples interacciones que desarrolla con el entorno. El orden así se vuelve infinitamente más complejo, se sofistica enormemente al tener en cuenta las numerosas facetas a las que la arquitectura debe dar respuesta. En el proceso genealógico de lo arquitectónico ya no solamente hay que dar una respuesta funcional sino también simbólica, intelectual, estética, emocional……….